Loading...
#01 Presentation on Janesville-Milton-Whitewater transportation project JANESVILLE TRANSIT SYSTEM MEMORANDUM May 14, 2010 TO: City Council FROM: Transit Director Report on Janesville-Milton-Whitewater Commuter Bus Service and SUBJECT: Authorization for the Administration to Continue Discussions with Stakeholders. Executive Summary: In the spring of 2008, meetings were held among municipal officials in northern Rock and northwest Walworth Counties at the instigation of State Representative Kim Hixson, to explore the need and interest in improving public transportation services in the region. As a result, a grant application was submitted to the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) and a grant was awarded later that year under the federal Supplemental Transit – Rural Assistance Program (STRAP) to study the need for a commuter bus service in the corridor from Janesville through Milton to Whitewater; as well as local shared ride taxi service within the City of Milton and improvements to the existing shared-ride service in the City of Whitewater. Under the supervision of the Janesville Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), representatives of the cities, and the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, a request for proposals was prepared and the international transportation and engineering consulting firm of AECOM was contracted to perform the study. Work on the study began in March, 2009 under the direction of Mr. David Sampson of AECOM as lead consultant. Work on the project has reached the point where presentations on the findings of the study and proposals for public transit services in the region resulting from those findings are being made to stakeholders and decision-makers in the region. Mr. Sampson and representatives from JTS and the MPO made presentations to the Whitewater City Council and the Milton City Council on Tuesday, May 4, 2010. Presentations were also made to the Chancellor of UW-Whitewater and his management team, and the UW-Whitewater Student Senate to review the study results and present potential transit service options. The presentation to the Janesville City Council will follow the same informational presentation format. The Council will not be asked to make any final decisions or financial commitments at this time. However, the Council will be asked to authorize City staff to continue discussions and negotiations with the University, the other cities and other interested or affected parties which could lead to a proposal to start some type of service in the fall of 2011. This is the earliest that funding from Segregated University Fees to cover UW-Whitewater’s share of the costs could be made available. The Council should be aware that a start-up of the proposed service at that time could have an impact on the City’s 2011 annual budget. Recommendation: After receiving theStaff report and having questions answered, the Council is requested to authorize the Administration to continue discussions and negotiations with the University, the other Cities and other stakeholders to further 1 explore and if possible, develop a consensus on an operational plan and funding for that plan to initiate public transit service between Janesville, Milton and Whitewater. When and if such a consensus is reached, the Administration will return to the Council with a further report and seek Council’s authorization for the necessary budgetary resources to fund the City’s share of the cost of the service and contractual authority to enter into an operating agreement. City Manager Recommendation: I recommend that the Council authorize staff to continue working with other stakeholders. I believe the service would not begin until the Fall 2011 at the earliest date. One issue that would be critical to start-up is any additional cost to the City. Suggested Motion: I move to authorize staff to continue working with other stakeholders to develop a service and financing plan for JMW Service. Discussion: Initial discussions regarding the extension of transit service to Milton date to 1999, while interest in public transit service between Janesville, Milton and Whitewater first formally surfaced during the 2006-2007 Transit Development Plan study for the Janesville Transit System. At that time, there was not sufficient budget to expand that study to formally investigate the service. Interest in service between the cities again surfaced as part of the South-Central Wisconsin Commuter Transportation Study, completed in 2008, which examined commuting needs throughout the region, but did not study any particular routes in detail. Following the meetings chaired by State Representative Hixson in early 2008, a formal proposal for a study of commuter bus service in the Janesville-Milton-Whitewater corridor was prepared by the MPO with collaboration from the Cities of Milton and Whitewater and the University. Director of Neighborhood Services Jennifer Petruzzello, Transit Director Dave Mumma, and then- MPO Coordinator Alexis Kuklenski served as the City’s representatives during this effort. The study proposal was submitted to WisDOT in September, 2008 and a notice of funding of the project by a grant under the STRAP program was received in December of that year in the amount of $44,160, or 75% of the $58,965 budget for the project. The balance of the study costs were covered by the three cities, with the City of Janesville contributing $4,317 in cash and in-kind services of city staff. The city of Whitewater’s share was $5,244, the city of Milton contributed $4,195, the University added $1,049 as well as in-kind services for on-campus surveys and demographic information. A request for proposals from a number of nationally recognized public transit consulting firms was circulated in January of 2009, with AECOM being hired to conduct the study in March, 2009. The spring and summer of 2009 were spent in gathering basic demographic data in the cities and on the university campus. Meetings were held with stakeholders and decision makers in all three cities and with members of the University administration and student government. Once students returned for the fall semester in 2009, on-campus surveys were taken, including an on-line survey through the campus intranet system which elicited 1,287 responses from students and staff. In- person interviews were also held with students and staff on two days in September, 2 2009. Armed with this data, the consultants determined that based on industry standards and the results of similar surveys conducted elsewhere that sufficient interest and potential existed for a service proposal to be developed. The results of the surveys and the consultants’ reasoning are summarized in the Executive Summary of the Final Report which is attached to this memo. The full report, which runs to 52 pages, and contains graphs and charts of the survey results, is also available upon request. The consultant’s proposal contains two possible service levels for commuter bus service in the Janesville-Milton-Whitewater corridor. A higher service level would provide up to 12 round-trips between the cities on weekdays with a lower service level on weekends. Annual cost for this proposal would be $369,706, based on 2010 operating costs for Janesville Transit System services, with 57% or about $210,732 covered by state and federal transit operating assistance, $110,000 contributed by Segregated University Fees by students at the UW-Whitewater, and the remaining $48,974 split between farebox revenue and contributions from the three cities. The lower service level would provide about 6 round trips on weekdays, with weekend service only when the University is in session, and would cost $198,670 per year with proportionally lower shares of funding from all sources. The farebox revenue estimates are based on annual ridership of at least 39,600 annual passenger trips for the higher service level and 21,280 trips at the lower service level. The numbers represent estimated patronage after 3-5 years of operation of the service, and are not likely to be achieved during the first several years of its operation. The Council should be aware that under the public transit funding policies of WisDOT, local governments sponsoring transit service have the obligation to make-up any shortfalls in cost recovery for such services if ridership and resulting farebox revenue does not meet expectations. Before service under this proposal could begin, the three cities and the University would have to reach agreement on a cost allocation plan to cover their shares. The consultant did provide several suggestions for such cost allocations in the report. th Following the presentation on May 24, MPO Coordinator Terry Nolan and I will be available to answer any questions that Councilmembers may have on the report or the proposed service. cc: Eric Levitt, City Manager Jay Winzenz, Director of Administration/Assistant City Manager Jennifer Petruzzello, Director of Neighborhood Services 3 Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² Ю±¶»½¬ Û¨»½«¬·ª» Í«³³¿®§ Ю»°¿®»¼ º±® Ý·¬§ ±º Ö¿²»­ª·´´»ô É× Ö¿²»­ª·´´» Ó»¬®±°±´·¬¿² д¿²²·²¹ Ñ®¹¿²·¦¿¬·±² Ю»°¿®»¼ ¾§ Ó¿®½¸ îðïð Û¨»½«¬·ª» Í«³³¿®§ Þ¿½µ¹®±«²¼ Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» °®»°¿®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Ö¿²»­ª·´´» Ì®¿²­·¬ ͧ­¬»³ øÖÌÍ÷ Ì®¿²­·¬ Ü»ª»´±°³»²¬ д¿² ·² îððêó îððéô ¿ ½±²½»°¬ º±® ¿² ·²¬»®½·¬§ ¾«­ ®±«¬» ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ËÉóɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» ²±®¬¸ ­·¼» ¿®»¿ ±º Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ©¿­ ¾®±«¹¸¬ ¬± ¬¸» ¿¬¬»²¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ­¬«¼§ ¬»¿³ò ̸·­ °´¿²²·²¹ »ºº±®¬ ®»­«´¬»¼ ·² ¿ ®»½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² ¬± ­¬«¼§ ¬¸» ¾«­ ®±«¬» ½±²½»°¬ ·² ¼»¬¿·´ ¿²¼ ©±«´¼ ·²ª±´ª» ¬¸» ËÉó ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®å ¬¸» ½±³³«²·¬·»­ ±º Ó·´¬±² ¿²¼ ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®å α½µ ¿²¼ É¿´©±®¬¸ ݱ«²¬·»­ò ̸» Ý·¬§ ±º Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¿²¼ Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ß®»¿ Ó»¬®±°±´·¬¿² д¿²²·²¹ Ñ®¹¿²·¦¿¬·±² ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ¿ °´¿²²·²¹ ¹®¿²¬ º®±³ ¬¸» É·­½±²­·² Ü»°¿®¬³»²¬ ±º Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² øÉ·­ÜÑÌ÷ «²¼»® ¬¸» Í»½¬·±² ëíïì Í«°°´»³»²¬¿´ Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±²ô Ϋ®¿´ ß­­·­¬¿²½» Ю±¹®¿³ øÍÌÎßÐ÷ ·² îððç ¬± ­¬«¼§ ¬¸» ¼»³¿²¼ º±® ¬®¿²­·¬ ­»®ª·½» ·² ¬¸» ®»¹·±² ²±®¬¸ ±º Ö¿²»­ª·´´» »¨¬»²¼·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ²±®¬¸»®² »²¼ ±º ¬¸» Ý·¬§ ¬± ¬¸» ˲·ª»®­·¬§ ±º É·­½±²­·²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ½¿³°«­ò Í»®ª·½» ß®»¿ Ю±º·´»ô Û¨·­¬·²¹ Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² Í»®ª·½»­ ̸» ­»®ª·½» ¿®»¿ °®±º·´» ·²½´«¼»­ ¿ ½±³³«²·¬§ °®±º·´» ¿²¼ ¿ ¼»­½®·°¬·±² ±º ½«®®»²¬ ¬®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² ­»®ª·½»­ò ̸» ½±³³«²·¬§ °®±º·´» ·²½´«¼»­ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ±² °±°«´¿¬·±²ô »³°´±§³»²¬ô ¿²¼ ½±³³«¬·²¹ °¿¬¬»®²­ ·² ¬¸» ­¬«¼§ ¿®»¿ ¿­ ©»´´ ¿­ ¿ ­»°¿®¿¬» °®±º·´» ±º ¬¸» ˲·ª»®­·¬§ ±º É·­½±²­·²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® øËÉóÉ÷ò Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ·­ ¬¸» ´¿®¹»­¬ ½·¬§ ·² ¬¸» ­¬«¼§ ¿®»¿ô ©·¬¸ ¿ îððè »­¬·³¿¬»¼ °±°«´¿¬·±² ±º êîôëïêò Ó·´¬±² ·­ ¬¸» ­³¿´´»­¬ ½·¬§ ©·¬¸ ëôëéç ®»­·¼»²¬­ò ɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ¸¿­ ¿ °±°«´¿¬·±² ±º ïìôîçïô íçû ±º ©¸·½¸ ¿®» ¿¹»¼ ïèóîï ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» ´±½¿¬·±² ±º ËÉóÉò ײ º¿´´ îððçô ¬¸»®» ©»®» ïïôðíð ­¬«¼»²¬­ ¿²¼ ïôîîë »³°´±§»»­ ±º ËÉóÉò ®»½»·ª» ¼·®»½¬ ­»®ª·½» º®±³ ¬¸» °®±°±­»¼ ®±«¬»ò Ö±¾­ ·² ±¬¸»® °¿®¬­ ±º ¬¸» ½±³³«²·¬§ô ¿²¼ ­°»½·º·½¿´´§ ¬¸±­» ¿¬ ¬¸» ²±©ó½´±­»¼ Ù»²»®¿´ Ó±¬±®­ °´¿²¬ ¿²¼ ·¬­ ¼·®»½¬ ­«°°´·»®­ ¿®» ²±¬ ·²½´«¼»¼ ·² ¬¸·­ ¿²¿´§­·­ò Ò±®¬¸ Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¸¿­ ®±«¹¸´§ ìôðð𠶱¾­ ·² ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®·²¹ ¿²¼ ®»¬¿·´ ­»½¬±®­ô ©¸·´» Ó·´¬±² ¿²¼ ɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ¸¿ª» éðð ¿²¼ íôíð𠶱¾­ ®»­°»½¬·ª»´§ò Ó¿²§ Ó·´¬±² ¿²¼ ɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ®»­·¼»²¬­ ½±³³«¬» ¬± Ö¿²»­ª·´´» º±® »³°´±§³»²¬ô ©·¬¸ ­±³» ®»ª»®­» ½±³³«¬·²¹ º®±³ Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¿²¼ Ó·´¬±² ¬± ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®ò ̸» ª¿­¬ ³¿¶±®·¬§ ±º ¬®·°­ ·² ¬¸» Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ½±®®·¼±® ¿®» ¬¿µ»² ¾§ ­·²¹´»ó±½½«°¿²¬ °®·ª¿¬» ª»¸·½´»­ò Ý«®®»²¬ °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² ­»®ª·½»­ ¿®» ½±²º·²»¼ ©·¬¸·² Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¿²¼ ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®ô ¿²¼ ½±²­·­¬ ±º º·¨»¼ ®±«¬» ¿²¼ °¿®¿¬®¿²­·¬ ­»®ª·½» ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ½·¬§ ±º Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¿²¼ ­¸¿®»¼ ®·¼» ¬¿¨· ­»®ª·½» ·² ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®ò ̸» ½±«²¬·»­ ±º α½µ ¿²¼ É¿´©±®¬¸ °®±ª·¼» °¿®¿¬®¿²­·¬ ­»®ª·½» º±® °»®­±²­ ©·¬¸ ¼·­¿¾·´·¬·»­ ¿²¼ ¬¸±­» ±ª»® ¬¸» ¿¹» ±º ëë ¿²¼ êð ®»­°»½¬·ª»´§å ¾«¬ ¬¸±­» ­»®ª·½»­ ¿®» ²±¬ ¿ª¿·´¿¾´» ¬± ½·¬·¦»²­ ±«¬­·¼» ¬¸±­» °±°«´¿¬·±² ¹®±«°­ô ¿²¼ ¼± ²±¬ ±°»®¿¬» ±² ¿ ®»¹«´¿®ô °®»¼·½¬¿¾´» ­½¸»¼«´» ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ½·¬·»­ò Ê¿² Ù¿´¼»® Þ«­ ݱ³°¿²§ °®±ª·¼»­ ¼¿·´§ ­½¸»¼«´»¼ ­»®ª·½» º®±³ Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¬± Ó¿¼·­±² ¿²¼ ݸ·½¿¹±ô ¾«¬ ½«®®»²¬´§ ¸¿­ ²± ½±²²»½¬·±² º®±³ Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¬± ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®ò É·­½±²­·² ݱ¿½¸ Ô·²»­ °®±ª·¼»­ Ú®·¼¿§ó Í«²¼¿§ ±²´§ ·²¬»®½·¬§ ­»®ª·½» ¾»¬©»»² Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² Ю±¶»½¬ ï ɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ¿²¼ ¹®»¿¬»® Ó·´©¿«µ»»å °®·³¿®·´§ º±® ËÉóÉ ­¬«¼»²¬­ ¬®¿ª»´´·²¹ ¸±³» º±® ¬¸» ©»»µ»²¼­ò Ñ«¬®»¿½¸ ¿¬ ˲·ª»®­·¬§ ±º É·­½±²­·²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® Ñ«¬®»¿½¸ ¿¬ ˲·ª»®­·¬§ ±º É·­½±²­·²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® »²½±³°¿­­»¼ ¬©± ¿½¬·ª·¬·»­æ ¬©± ¼®±°ó·² ­»­­·±²­ ·² ¬¸» ´±¾¾§ ±º ¬¸» ËÉóÉ Í¬«¼»²¬ ˲·±² ±² É»¼²»­¼¿§ Í»°¬»³¾»® îí øîÐÓ ìÐÓ÷ ¿²¼ ̸«®­¼¿§ Í»°¬»³¾»® îì øïî ÐÓ îÐÓ÷ ¿²¼ ¿² ±²ó½¿³°«­ ­«®ª»§ ½±²¼«½¬»¼ ±² ¬¸» ½¿³°«­ ·²¬®¿²»¬ ­§­¬»³ò ß°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ îê ­¬«¼»²¬­ °®±ª·¼»¼ ½±³³»²¬­ ·²ó °»®­±²ò ß² ±²ó´·²» ­«®ª»§ ¼·­¬®·¾«¬»¼ ¬± ­¬«¼»²¬­ ¿²¼ »³°´±§»»­ô ¹¿®²»®»¼ ®»­°±²­»­ º®±³ ïôîéè ­¬«¼»²¬­ ¿²¼ ­¬¿ººô º¿·®´§ ®»°®»­»²¬·²¹ ¿ ­¿³°´» ±º ¬¸» «²·ª»®­·¬§ °±°«´¿¬·±²ò ̸·­ ­«®ª»§ ·²¼·½¿¬»¼ ±²»ó¬¸·®¼ ±º ®»­°±²¼»²¬­ ©±«´¼ «­» ¬¸» ­»®ª·½» ±² ¿ ®»¹«´¿® ¾¿­·­ô ©·¬¸ ¿¾±«¬ ¸¿´º ±º ¬¸»­»ô ïíòèû ¾»·²¹ º®»¯«»²¬ ®·¼»®­ò λ­°±²­»­ ¬± ¬¸» º®»¯«»²½§ ±º «­» ¯«»­¬·±² ¿®» ¾®±µ»² ±«¬ ¿­ ¼¿·´§ øíòëû÷ô ­»ª»®¿´ ¬·³»­ ¿ ©»»µ øïðòîû÷ô ±²½» ±® ¬©·½» ¿ ©»»µ øïíòèû÷ ¿²¼ ©»»µ»²¼­ ±²´§ øéòïû÷å ¿²±¬¸»® ±²»ó¬¸·®¼ ©±«´¼ ®·¼» ¬¸» ¾«­ ¿ º»© ¬·³»­ ¿ ³±²¬¸ øïëòîû÷ ±® ±½½¿­·±²¿´´§ øîîòëû÷å ¿²¼ ¿¾±«¬ îè °»®½»²¬ ©±«´¼ ²»ª»® «­» ¬¸» ­»®ª·½»ò ̸» °®·³¿®§ ®»¿­±² ®»­°±²¼»²¬­ ¬®¿ª»´ ¬± Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ·­ º±® ­¸±°°·²¹ øëëòçû÷å ¬¸·­ ®¿¬» ·­ ½±²­·­¬»²¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¸·¹¸ ²«³¾»® ±º ®»­°±²¼»²¬­ ·²¼·½¿¬·²¹ ¬¸»§ ª·­·¬ ¬¸» ½·¬§ ±²½» ¿ ©»»µô ±²½» ¿ ³±²¬¸ô ±® ¬©·½» ¿ ³±²¬¸ øìîû÷ò ß¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ô ®»­°±²¼»²¬­ ©»®» ¿´­± ¿­µ»¼ ¬± ·²¼·½¿¬» ¬¸»·® ´·µ»´·¸±±¼ ±º ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» ¾«­ ¾¿­»¼ ±² ¬¸» ½±­¬ ±º ¿ ±²»ó©¿§ ¬®·°ò ß¾±«¬ ¬¸®»»ó¯«¿®¬»®­ ±º ®»­°±²¼»²¬­ ©±«´¼ ­«°°±®¬ °¿§®±´´ ¼»¼«½¬·±²­ ¿²¼ñ±® ­¬«¼»²¬ ­»®ª·½» º»»­ ±º ¾»¬©»»² üîòëð ¿²¼ üéòëð °»® ­»³»­¬»® ±® ¾»¬©»»² üëòðð ¿²¼ üïëòðð °»® §»¿® ·² »¨½¸¿²¹» º±® ¿²²«¿´ ¾«­ °¿­­»­ ±® ¾»·²¹ ¿¾´» ¬± «­» ¬¸»·® ËÉóÉ ß¾±«¬ îðû ·²¼·½¿¬»¼ ¬¸»§ ©±«´¼ ®·¼» ·º ¿ ½¿­¸ º¿®» ±º ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ üîòëð ©»®» ½¸¿®¹»¼ °»® ®·¼» ·² ¿¼¼·¬·±² ¬± ¬¸» ¿²²«¿´ ­¬«¼»²¬ ­»®ª·½» º»»ò Ò± º¿®» ´»ª»´ñ®·¼»®­¸·° ¯«»­¬·±² ©¿­ ¿­µ»¼ ±º °±¬»²¬·¿´ ¹»²»®¿´ °«¾´·½ ®·¼»®­ò Ó·´¬±² Ñ«¬®»¿½¸ Ñ«¬®»¿½¸ º±® ¿ Ó·´¬±² ­¸¿®»¼ ®·¼» ¬¿¨· ·²½´«¼»¼ ­¬¿µ»¸±´¼»® ·²¬»®ª·»©­ ©·¬¸ ª¿®·±«­ ´±½¿´ ¬¸¬¸ ­¬¿µ»¸±´¼»®­ò ̸»­» ·²¬»®ª·»©­ ±½½«®®»¼ º®±³ Ó¿§ îé ¬± Ó¿§ îè ¿²¼ ·²½´«¼»¼ Ó¿§±® ̱³ ݸ»­³±®» ¿²¼ п«´¿ ͽ¸«¬¬ô Ü·®»½¬±® ±º ̸» Ù¿¬¸»®·²¹ д¿½»ò ͬ¿µ»¸±´¼»®­ ª±·½»¼ ¿ Ü®¿º¬ Í»®ª·½» д¿²­ Ó·´¬±² ͸¿®»¼ η¼» Ì¿¨· Í»®ª·½» Ü»­½®·°¬·±² ß ­¸¿®»¼ ®·¼» ¬¿¨· ·² Ó·´¬±²ô ­·³·´¿® ¬± ¬¸¿¬ °®±ª·¼»¼ ·² ²»¿®¾§ ½±³³«²·¬·»­ ­«½¸ ¿­ Û¼¹»®¬±²ô Ú¬ò ߬µ·²­±²ô Ö»ºº»®­±² ¿²¼ ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®å ©±«´¼ ¾» ¿ º»¿­·¾´» ¿²¼ ½±­¬ »ºº»½¬·ª» ³»¿²­ ¬± °®±ª·¼» ®»­·¼»²¬­ ©·¬¸ ³±¾·´·¬§ ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ½±³³«²·¬§ò ̸» Ó·´¬±² ­¸¿®»¼ó®·¼» ¬¿¨· ­»®ª·½» ·­ ®»½±³³»²¼»¼ ¬± ±°»®¿¬» ©»»µ¼¿§­ º®±³ éæðð ¿³ ¬± éæðð °³ ¿²¼ ±² Í¿¬«®¼¿§­ º®±³ çæðð ¿³ «²¬·´ ìæíð °³ò ̸» ­»®ª·½» ¿®»¿ ©±«´¼ º±´´±© ¬¸» ¾±®¼»®­ ±º ¬¸» Ý·¬§ ±º Ó·´¬±²ô »¨¬»²¼·²¹ ±«¬ ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ ¿ ¸¿´º ³·´» º®±³ ¬¸» ½·¬§ ´·³·¬­ ·² ¿´´ ¼·®»½¬·±²­ò ß¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ®»½±³³»²¼»¼ ·­ ´·³·¬»¼ ±½½¿­·±²¿´ ­»®ª·½» º®±³ ©·¬¸·² Ó·´¬±² ¬± ¬¸» É¿´ó Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² Ю±¶»½¬ î Ó¿®¬ ­¬±®» ±² Ü»»®º·»´¼ Ü®·ª» ±² ¬¸» º¿® ²±®¬¸ ­·¼» ±º Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¬± ¿´´±© ½±²²»½¬·±²­ ©·¬¸ Ö¿²»­ª·´´» Ì®¿²­·¬ ͧ­¬»³ º·¨»¼ ®±«¬» ­»®ª·½» ¿¬ ¬¸¿¬ °±·²¬ò Û­¬·³¿¬»¼ ß²²«¿´ ®·¼»®­¸·° º±® ¿­ Ó·´¬±² ͸¿®»¼ η¼» Ì¿¨· ©±«´¼ ¾» ïëôððð °¿­­»²¹»® ¬®·°­ °»® §»¿®å ©·¬¸ ¬¸±­» ®·¼»®­¸·° ´»ª»´­ ¾»·²¹ ¿¬¬¿·²»¼ í ë §»¿®­ ¿º¬»® ­»®ª·½» ­¬¿®¬ó«°ò Ø¿ª·²¹ ¼»­½®·¾»¼ ¬¸» °¿®¿³»¬»®­ º±® ¬¸» Ó·´¬±² ͸¿®»¼ η¼» Ì¿¨· ¿²¼ ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬»¼ ¿ª¿·´¿¾·´·¬§ ±º ­¬¿¬» ¿²¼ º»¼»®¿´ º«²¼­ô ¬¸» º·®­¬ §»¿® º·²¿²½·²¹ ·­ »­¬·³¿¬»¼ ¿­ º±´´±©­æ Ñ°»®¿¬·²¹ ݱ­¬ ü ïðëôððð Ú¿®» 못²«»­ ü íðôððð Ú»¼»®¿´ ¿²¼ ͬ¿¬» Ú«²¼­ ü ëçôèëð øëé °»®½»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»º·½·¬÷ Ô±½¿´ Ú«²¼­ñÝ·¬§ ±º Ó·´¬±² ü ïëôïëð øïìòì °»®½»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»º·½·¬÷ Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ݱ³³«¬»® Í»®ª·½» Í»®ª·½» ¾»¬©»»² Ö¿²»­ª·´´»ô Ó·´¬±² ¿²¼ ɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ©±«´¼ °®±ª·¼» ¿ ½±²²»½¬·±² ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ½·¬·»­ º±® ­¬«¼»²¬­ ¿²¼ º¿½«´¬§ ¿¬ ¬¸» ˲·ª»®­·¬§ ±º É·­½±²­·²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»®ô ¿­ ©»´´ ¿­ °®±ª·¼» ·²¬»®½±³³«²·¬§ ³±ª»³»²¬ º±® ®»­·¼»²¬­ ±º Ö¿²»­ª·´´»ô ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®ô ¿²¼ Ó·´¬±² º±® »³°´±§³»²¬ô °»®­±²¿´ ¾«­·²»­­ô ¿½½»­­ ¬± ¸»¿´¬¸ ½¿®»ô ¿²¼ ¬¸» ´·µ»ò ß ³¿° ±º ¬¸» ¾«­ ®±«¬» ·­ °®±ª·¼»¼ ±² Ú·¹«®» ïò Ú·¹«®» ïæ Ю±°±­»¼ Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® Ì®¿²­·¬ ᫬» Í»®ª·½» Ü»º·²·¬·±² Ì©± ­»®ª·½» ¿´¬»®²¿¬·ª»­ ¿®» °®±ª·¼»¼ ¾¿­»¼ ±² ¬¸» °®±°±­»¼ ­½¸»¼«´»ò Ñ°¬·±² ï °®±ª·¼»­ ­»®ª·½» é ¼¿§­ °»® ©»»µò Ñ°¬·±² î ·­ ¿ ®»¼«½»¼ ­»®ª·½» °´¿² ©·¬¸ º»©»® ¬®·°­ ±² ©»»µ¼¿§­ ¿²¼ Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² Ю±¶»½¬ í ©»»µ»²¼­ ©¸»² ËÉóɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ·­ ·² ­»­­·±²å ¿²¼ ²± ©»»µ»²¼ ­»®ª·½» ©¸»² ¬¸» ˲·ª»®­·¬§ ·­ ±«¬ó±ºó­»­­·±²ò Þ±¬¸ ¿´¬»®²¿¬·ª»­ °®±ª·¼» Í«²¼¿§ ¿º¬»®²±±² ¿²¼ »ª»²·²¹ ­»®ª·½» º±® ­¬«¼»²¬­ ©±®µ·²¹ ±® ­¸±°°·²¹ ·² Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ¿²¼ ®»¬«®²·²¹ ¬± ½¿³°«­ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ©»»µ»²¼ô ¿ º·®­¬ º±® ÖÌÍò η¼»®­¸·° É·¬¸ ¿ ­»®ª·½» ´»ª»´ ¿¬ Ñ°¬·±² ï º±® ¬¸» Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ®±«¬» ®·¼»®­¸·° ©±«´¼ ¾» íçôêðð °¿­­»²¹»®­ °»® §»¿®ô ¿²¼ Ñ°¬·±² î ®·¼»®­¸·° ·­ »¨°»½¬»¼ ¬± ¾» îïôîèð °¿­­»²¹»®­ °»® §»¿®å ³¿¼» «° °®·³¿®·´§ ±º ËÉóɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ­¬«¼»²¬­ ¿²¼ ­¬¿ºº ¿¬ ¬¸» ±«¬­»¬ô ©·¬¸ ¹»²»®¿´ °«¾´·½ ®·¼»®­ º®±³ ¿´´ ¬¸®»» ½±³³«²·¬·»­ ·²½®»¿­·²¹ ±ª»® ¬·³» ¿­ ¬¸»§ ´»¿®² ±º ¬¸» ­»®ª·½» ¿²¼ ¿¬¬¿·² ¿ ½±³º±®¬ ´»ª»´ ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ ·­ ²±¬ ¶«­¬ ¿ ­¸±®¬óª»¼ ·º ²±¬ ­«½½»­­º«´ò ׬ ·­ ¿²¬·½·°¿¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¿­ ©·¬¸ ¿´´ ²»© ­»®ª·½»­ô ®·¼»®­¸·° ©·´´ ¾» ´±©»® ·² ¬¸» º·®­¬ ­»ª»®¿´ §»¿®­ ±º ¬¸» ­»®ª·½»ô ©·¬¸ ¿ ¹®¿¼«¿´ ·²½®»¿­» ¬± ¬¸» ²«³¾»®­ ­¸±©² ¿¾±ª» ¾»·²¹ ¿¬¬¿·²»¼ ¿º¬»® í ë §»¿®­ ±º ­»®ª·½» ±°»®¿¬·±²ò Ú·²¿²½»­ Ì¿¾´» ï °®»­»²¬­ ¬¸» »­¬·³¿¬»¼ ±°»®¿¬·²¹ ½±­¬ ¿²¼ º·²¿²½·²¹ º±® ¬¸» º·²¿´ º±«® ³±²¬¸­ ±º îðïð ø¬¸» »¿®´·»­¬ °±­­·¾´» ­»®ª·½» ­¬¿®¬ó«°÷ ¿²¼ Ì¿¾´» î °®»­»²¬­ º·²¿²½·²¹ º±® ¿´´ ±º îðïïò Ì¿¾´» ïæ Í»°¬»³¾»® ¬¸®±«¹¸ Ü»½»³¾»® Ñ°»®¿¬·²¹ ݱ­¬ ¿²¼ 못²«» Ñ°¬·±² ï Ñ°¬·±² î ì Ó±²¬¸ 못²«» ر«®­ ïôíêì éèí ì Ó±²¬¸ ݱ­¬ üïîéôíìí üéíôïðï ËÉóÉ Í¬«¼»²¬ Í»®ª·½» Ú«²¼·²¹ àüîòëðñÍ»³ò üîëôððð üîëôððð λ³¿·²·²¹ ½±­¬ ¬± ¾» º·²¿²½»¼ üïðîôíìí üìèôïðï Ú¿®»¾±¨ 못²«» üîðôìêð üïïôéìë ÍÌÎßÐ Ú«²¼·²¹ ß©¿®¼»¼ üêëôëðê üíêôíëê Ô±½¿´ Ú«²¼·²¹ λ¯«·®»¼ üïêôíéé üð Ì¿¾´» îæ îðïï Ú·²¿²½·¿´­ Ñ°¬·±² ï Ñ°¬·±² î ß²²«¿´ 못²«» ر«®­ íôçêð îôïîè ß²²«¿´ ݱ­¬ üíêçôéðê üïçèôêéð ëíðéñèëòîð Ú«²¼·²¹ øëéû ±º ¹®±­­ ­»®ª·½» ½±­¬÷ üîïðôéíî üïïíôîìî ËÉóÉ Í¬«¼»²¬ Í»®ª·½» Ú«²¼·²¹ à üëòððñ Í»³ò üïïðôððð üëëôððð Ú¿®»¾±¨ 못²«» üìèôçéì üîçôíêð Ô±½¿´ Ú«²¼·²¹ λ¯«·®»¼ üð üïôðêè Ý¿°·¬¿´ Ò»»¼­ ̸» ½¿°·¬¿´ ²»»¼­ º±® ¬¸» Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ­»®ª·½» ·²½´«¼» ï ¾«­ º±® ®»ª»²«» ­»®ª·½» ¿²¼ ¾«­ ­¬±°ñ­¬¿¬·±² º¿½·´·¬·»­ ¿´±²¹ ¬¸» ®±«¬» ·²½´«¼·²¹ ¾«­ ­¬±° ­·¹²¿¹» ¿²¼ °¿­­»²¹»® ©¿·¬·²¹ ­¸»´¬»®­ ¿¬ ³¿¶±® ¾±¿®¼·²¹ °±·²¬­ò ̸» ·²·¬·¿´ ¬¿¨· ª»¸·½´» ©±«´¼ ¾» °®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ­»´»½¬»¼ ½±²¬®¿½¬±® ø©¸·½¸ ©±«´¼ ¾» °¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» ÎÚÐ÷ô ©¸± ©±«´¼ ¿´­± ¾» ®»­°±²­·¾´» ·² ¬¸» ½±²¬®¿½¬ º±® °®±ª·¼·²¹ ¿ ­°¿®» ª»¸·½´» ¬± ¾» «­»¼ ©¸»² ¬¸» ²±®³¿´ ¬¿¨· ·­ ±«¬ ±º ­»®ª·½»ô ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ½±­¬ ¿³±®¬·¦»¼ ·² ¬¸» ¸±«®´§ ®¿¬»ò ß² ·²¬»®³±¼¿´ ¬®¿²­º»® ­¬¿¬·±² º±® ½±²²»½¬·±²­ ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» Ó·´¬±² ͸¿®»¼ η¼» Ì¿¨· ¿²¼ ¬¸» Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ­»®ª·½» ­¸±«´¼ ¾» ·²½´«¼»¼ ·² ¬¸» ½¿°·¬¿´ °®±¹®¿³ò Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² Ю±¶»½¬ ì Ú«²¼·²¹ ß´´±½¿¬·±² λ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±²­ ß º±®³«´¿ ¾¿­»¼ ¿°°®±¿½¸ ·­ °®±°±­»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ¿¬¬»³°¬­ ¬± ¼·­¬®·¾«¬» ¬¸» ´±½¿´ ­¸¿®» ±º ¬¸» ­»®ª·½» ½±­¬­ »¯«·¬¿¾´§ ¿³±²¹ ¬¸» º·ª» ¶«®·­¼·½¬·±²­ ­»®ª»¼æ Ö¿²»­ª·´´»ô Ó·´¬±²ô ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®ô α½µ ݱ«²¬§ ¿²¼ É¿´©±®¬¸ ݱ«²¬§ º±® ¬¸» Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ­»®ª·½»ò ̸» °®±°±­»¼ º«²¼·²¹ ¿´´±½¿¬·±² º±®³«´¿ º±® и¿­» Ѳ» ©±«´¼ ¾» ¾¿­»¼ ±² ¿ ©»·¹¸¬»¼ ­½¿´» «­·²¹ ²«³¾»® ±º ¾«­ ­¬±°­ò Í·¨ º«²¼·²¹ ­½»²¿®·±­ ©»®» »¨¿³·²»¼ «­·²¹ ¿ ½±³¾·²¿¬·±² ±º ®±«¬» ³·´»­ ±²´§ô ²«³¾»® ±º ¾«­ ­¬±°­ ±²´§ ¿²¼ º±«® ­½»²¿®·±­ «­·²¹ ¿ ©»·¹¸¬»¼ º±®³«´¿ ±º ®±«¬» ³·´»­ ¿²¼ ¾«­ ­¬±°­ ½±³¾·²»¼ ·² ª¿®·±«­ °®±°±®¬·±²­ º±® ¿´´±½¿¬·²¹ ½±­¬­ ¿³±²¹ ¬¸» ¶«®·­¼·½¬·±²­ò Ì¿¾´» í °®»­»²¬­ ©¸¿¬ ¬¸» º±«® ³±²¬¸ ´±½¿´ ­«¾­·¼§ º±® ­»®ª·½» ©±«´¼ ¾» ¾§ ¶«®·­¼·½¬·±²ò ̸·­ ©±«´¼ ®»°®»­»²¬ ­¬¿®¬·²¹ ­»®ª·½» ¿¬ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» îðïðóîðïï ­½¸±±´ §»¿®ô ©·¬¸ º«²¼·²¹ ¿ª¿·´¿¾´» ¬¸®±«¹¸ Ü»½»³¾»® îðïðò ̸·­ ¬¿¾´» ­¸±©­ ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»¼ ´±½¿´ º«²¼·²¹ º±® ¾±¬¸ ±°¬·±²­ ï ¿²¼ îò Ù·ª»² ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸·­ ­»®ª·½» ©±«´¼ ¾»¹·² ·² ¬¸» ³·¼¼´» ±º ¿ ¾«¼¹»¬ §»¿®ô ·¬ ·­ ¿²¬·½·°¿¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ²± º«²¼·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ݱ«²¬·»­ ±º α½µ ¿²¼ É¿´©±®¬¸ ©±«´¼ ¾» ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ·² îðïðò Ú«²¼·²¹ ·² Ö¿²»­ª·´´» ©±«´¼ ¾» ¼®¿©² º®±³ ¬¸» Ý·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬¸±­» ¾«­·²»­­»­ ¾»²»º·¬·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ­»®ª·½»ò Ô·µ»©·­» ·² ɸ·¬»©¿¬»®ô º«²¼·²¹ ©±«´¼ ¾» ­°´·¬ ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ˲·ª»®­·¬§ ø²±²ó­¬«¼»²¬ ­»®ª·½» º»»­÷ô ¬¸» Ý·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¾«­·²»­­ ½±³³«²·¬§ ©¸± ¾»²»º·¬­ º®±³ ¿½½»­­ ¬± ¬¸» Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÞ»´±·¬ 󮪷½» ­¬¿®¬ó«° ©±«´¼ ¾» ¬± ¾»¹·² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ´±©»® Ñ°¬·±² î ­»®ª·½» ´»ª»´ ¿­ ¿ ³»¿²­ ±º ¹»¬¬·²¹ ¿¬ ´»¿­¬ ¿ ¾¿­» ´»ª»´ ±º ­»®ª·½» ±² ¬¸» ®±¿¼ô ¿²¼ ¬¸»² ¾«¼¹»¬ º±® ¬¸» Ñ°¬·±² ï ­»®ª·½» ´»ª»´ ·² îðïï ±²½» ¬¸» ­»®ª·½» ·­ «° ¿²¼ ®«²²·²¹ò Ì¿¾´» íæ ì Ó±²¬¸ Ô±½¿´ Í«¾­·¼§ λ¯«·®»¼ Ö«®·­¼·½¬·±² л®½»²¬ Ñ°¬·±² ï Ñ°¬·±² î Ö¿²»­ª·´´» íèòèçû üêôíêèòèí üð Ó·´¬±² ëòëêû üçðçòèí üð ɸ·¬»©¿¬»® ëëòëêû üçôðçèòíí üð α½µ ݱ«²¬§ ðòððû üðòðð üð É¿´©±®¬¸ ݱ«²¬§ ðòððû üðòðð üð ̱¬¿´ ïððòððû üïêôíééòðð üð Ö¿²»­ª·´´»óÓ·´¬±²óɸ·¬»©¿¬»® Ì®¿²­°±®¬¿¬·±² Ю±¶»½¬ ë